Derna University Journal of Applied Sciences
The Derna University Journal of Applied Sciences (DUJAS) is an international, interdisciplinary, peer‑reviewed, and open‑access scholarly journal published biannually by the University of Derna, Libya. DUJAS aims to provide a high-level platform for the knowledge exchange and the discussion of current issues in science, technology, and engineering. The scope of the journal is to publish fundamental and applied research articles across diverse areas of engineering and applied sciences. The journal welcomes high‑quality submissions of original research articles, short communications, and critical reviews that have not been previously published or submitted elsewhere. All articles published by the journal are free of charge and are permanently accessible online immediately upon publication.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: 1. Retention of Rights: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2. User Rights: This license allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge the original author and be non-commercial, they do not have to license their derivative works on the same terms. 3. Restrictions: The material cannot be used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the author or the journal. 4. Additional Agreements: Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Using the New Integral "Iman Transform" of Bessel's Function to Solve Complementary Applications
In the advance time, Bessel's function plays an important role in many engineering and scientific problems, including equations such as the wave equation, heat equation, Laplace equation, Helmholtz equation, and Schrodinger equation in spherical or cylindrical coordinates. In this paper, author presents Iman transform of Bessel's functions with application for evaluating definite integrals, and exploring its applications and providing examples of problems involving Bessel's functions for integral calculation, thereby minimizing computational efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naima Mustafa Mgasbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A More General Existence Theorem for Weak Solutions in Banach Spaces
This paper contains a Kubiaczyks fixed point theorem for weakly continuous solutions of a Volterra-Stieltjes integral equation in nonreflexive Banach spaces. The Kubiaczyk's fixed point theorem is applied to establish the existence of a solution. A compactness type condition in connection with the weak topology is used. The existence is proved by defining an integral operator <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>F</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> F which is shown to be weakly sequentially continuous on a closed, convex, and equicontinuous subset Q <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>Q</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> of weakly continuous functions Cw<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>ω</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> . The measure of weak noncompactness β <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a crucial tool in this proof. As an application, the existence of a weakly continuous solution for Cauchy problems in Banach spaces is deduced. It is also shown that a fractional integral equation in the sense of weakly Riemann is a special case of the integral equation of Volterra -Stieltjes type. This leads to the existence of weak solutions in Cw for Cauchy problems involving the fractional Caputo weak derivative.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.A.H. Abd EL-Mwla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modeling and Simulation of a Grid-Connected Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter with Integrated Voltage Stabilization for Residential Applications
Effective inverter design is necessary for photo-voltaic system integration into power grids in order to guarantee power quality and standard compliance. In this paper, a three-phase grid connected PV inverter is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Equations that depend on temperature and irradiance are used to model the PV, and its output is stabilized before being fed into a three leg IGBT inverter. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) optimizes energy extraction, while an LC filter and phase locked loop are used to produce sinusoidal output and grid synchronization. With the root mean square output voltage of 230 V and a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.2%, simulation results verify steady operation at 10 kW, satisfying International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) requirements. The recommended design works faithfully and is proper for small-scale industrial and residential applications
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayman R. Khaled Saed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review of the Phytochemical Composition and Therapeutic Uses of Artemisia spp.
Species of the genus Artemisia are rich sources of biologically active phytochemicals, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, contributing to their diverse therapeutic applications. These species have been extensively studied and demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antimalarial (e.g., artemisinin), antioxidant (e.g., quercetin), antimicrobial (e.g., camphor), and anticancer (e.g., artemisinin and its derivatives) effects, highlighting their importance in both traditional and modern medicine. Artemisinin, a key sesquiterpene lactone, has revolutionized malaria treatment globally. However, research on Artemisia faces challenges regarding standardization of extraction methods (such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts being common) and analytical protocols, as well as the need for comprehensive clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety. This narrative review provides a comprehensive summary of the phytochemical composition and therapeutic uses of various Artemisia spp., emphasizing major bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of action. The findings highlight the significant potential of Artemisia spp. as sources for novel natural drug development, calling for further clinical studies and standardization efforts to ensure the quality and efficacy of herbal products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadwa Abdelkader Almiar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection of Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Children Under Six Years of Age in Benghazi City, Libya
Parasitic infections remain a significant issue in the history of public health for certain communities or globally. In developing country, parasitic diseases still represent a major public health challenge, particularly for children. This research was performed to detect intestinal parasites in children under six years in Benghazi City, Libya; where 114 fecal samples were collected and examined. The gross examinations of the stools were made for the presence of worms and segments, while the microscopic examination of the stool was performed using direct wet smears in normal saline and Lugol’s iodine. The results showed that infection rate was relatively high; around 56.14% were infected with intestinal parasite. The most common parasites were Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar (22.80%), followed by Giardia lamblia (12.28%), Enterobius vermicularis (11.40%), Hymenolepis nana (9.64%). The study indicates high rate of parasitic infections among children, which necessitates health education for families and children regarding regular hand washing with soap and water, the use of toilet paper, washing fruits and vegetables, and drinks from unsafe sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suad Abdullah, Entesar Salem, Fawzia Ali, Asma Aramly, Mansora Mohamed, Ahmed Khalifa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Pavement for Roads in Northeast Libya and Estimation of Their Maintenance and Repair Needs (Abu Dira Road–Al Guba City as a Case Study)
This study evaluates the condition of the pavement on the Abu Daraa, Al-Guba road, a 4.6 km rural road in northeastern Libya. This road endures heavy loads from the Egyptian border, such as marble and building materials. The evaluation was conducted visually using the PAVER system, which assesses pavement condition and detects damage. Also, MICRO PAVER software analyzed the data to determine the road's pavement condition index (PCI), identifying the most common surface defects. The inspection revealed that the predominant defects are mesh cracks, crocodile cracks, subsidence, longitudinal and transverse cracks, and potholes. The average PCI of the road sections was 57, indicating poor condition and the need for urgent maintenance. The recommended maintenance involves scraping the damaged asphalt layer and applying a new cladding layer to extend the road's lifespan.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fadhil Muhammad, Hesham Mohamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Parasitic Contamination Risks in Foods Prepared in Cafeterias at Omar Al-Mukhtar University
Foodborne parasitic infections are one of the most significant problems of the population of the developing world since improper hygiene and low environmental standards still contribute to the spread of diseases. University cafeterias are highly susceptible to institutional food outlets especially because of high turnover of meals and lack of hygiene supervision. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the threats of parasitic contamination of foods prepared in the five university cafeterias (Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya). Two hundred<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> food samples of five major food categories: meat-based sandwiches, vegetable-filled sandwiches and snacks, sandwiches and snacks, dairy-based products, and fruit juices were collected during a period of six months (March to August, 2025). The presence of intestinal parasites was detected using the standard methods of parasitological examination, and environmental and hygiene parameters were measured using the direct observations and the structured checklists. The overall rate of parasitic contamination was found to be between 11% and 24%, where the upper limit of 24% being the most comprehensive diagnostic condition. The most common species detected were Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. The contamination rate was highest in the vegetable-filled sandwiches and snacks (33.3%), then fruit juices (30.0%), and sandwiches (22.5%). Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was strong correlation between hygiene level and contamination (r = -0.68, p = 0.009), and poor hygienic cafeterias were having a high level of risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisha Omar, Entesar Salem, Suad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Numerical Study for Solving the Logistic Differential Equation with Caputo-Fractional Derivative and Time Delay
Fractional differential equations is an effective technique to test theories, validate experimental findings, and represent the dynamics of complex systems. There are different generalizations of the logistic differential equations that have been considered. Since the linear and nonlinear nature of the logistic differential equation, various methods are input to obtain a solution. In this paper we present a generalization of the logistic differential equation, which guarantees and improves this generalization as special cases. This work aims to study the Elzaki homotopy perturbation method (EHPM) to solve the nonlinear logistic differential equation with Caputo derivative and the time delay. In conclusion, the numerical results showed that this method is easy to implement, convergent, and effective for solving this type of fractional differential equations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad A. Mtawal , Sameehah R. Alkaleeli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Sufficient Conditions Involving Coefficient Inequalities in New Classes
In the present study, we introduce new classes of univalent functions denoted by Vl(m,λ)(a,b,c,α) and Vl(m,λ(a,b,c,α,θ) by a linear operator. These classes are related to the classes of starlike and convex functions. This research also discusses several interesting sufficient conditions involving coefficient inequalities for these classes. Additionally, several new results are shown after specializing the parameters employed in main results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisha Amer, Nagat Alabbar, Maslina Darus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microstructure Evaluation of W–20Cu Composites Produced by Liquid Phase Sintering, Liquid Infiltration and Sintering Activator Techniques
This research focused on assessing the densification and microstructural characteristics of W-20Cu sintered compacts fabricated using a hybrid approach that combines direct infiltration (DI) and liquid phase sintering (LPS). Some samples were prepared using the conventional method of liquid phase sintering to compare the results with those obtained through the copper melt infiltration (Cu-MI) technique. The sintering process was carried out in alumina tube furnace at sintering temperatures of 1150°C. In both techniques, low concentration of Ni (1wt. %) was incorporated into the W-20Cu system as a sintering accelerator. The consolidation using Cu-MI technique demonstrated its effectiveness in enhancing densification and achieving a homogeneous microstructure in the sintered compact, in contrast to the conventional LPS technique. The consolidation compact of W-20Cu-1Ni composites prepared using copper-melt infiltration techniques has high densification and the relative density exceed 96% of theoretical density.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafed Ibrahim, Khalid Abdalla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solar Desalination Using Humidification-Dehumidification Method Under the Climate Condition of Tobruk City
A solar water desalination system based on the humidification and dehumidification (HDH) process was designed, built, and tested by varying the air mass flow rate. The study explored three different air flow rates: 0.00276 kg/s, 0.02022 kg/s, and 0.02682 kg/s. The system included a combined solar air/water heater with double glass, a humidifier (evaporator), a dehumidifier (condenser), a circulation pump, a fan, and a storage tank. Both the air and brackish or low-salinity water were heated simultaneously in the combined solar air/water heater. The results indicated that increasing the air mass flow rate significantly improved freshwater production, suggesting that higher air flow rates yield greater water output. The system reached its peak productivity of 570 mL/day on October 6 at an air mass flow rate of 0.02682 kg/s.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulla Sousi , Hamad O. Al-Taif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tensile Strength, Thermal, and Acoustic Performance of Low-Cost Honeycomb Sandwich Structures
In this study, low-cost honeycomb sandwich panels fabricated from 6061 aluminum alloy and shredded recycled papers were tested for their heat insulation and sound absorption as well as tensile properties. The results showed that this cost-effective honeycomb sandwich structure is an efficient heat insulator, as well as an effective sound absorber particularly at low frequencies. In addition, tensile test results also exhibited outstanding mechanical performance of the honeycomb sandwich structure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Issa Hakim, L. B. Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Plant Diversity Associated with Tomato Crop across Different Study Areas in the Green Mountain
Weeds pose the greatest threat to tomato production due to their apparent reduction in production capacity and quality and increased production inputs. Plant species are considered essential interactions with the agricultural ecosystem. This study aims to study the plant diversity associated with the tomato crop and the extent of the impact on this crop in different plant communities or regions, which are El-Gouba, El-Thahar Alhmar, Teeret and Omar Al-Mukhtar. Some indices were used as tools for weed management in tomato production. From each location, four fields of weeds randomly were selected and one meter length for every 10 meters from each line was collected to study the weeds diversity. Some indices were used: mean, standard deviation, covering density, relative covering density, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon index, Margalef index and Jacardo index. The results showed that no difference between regions in the average presence of species, the standard deviation between regions, relative density, species coverage of the soil surface, relative frequency of species, and Shannon’s index according to the study regions. Meanwhile significant effects with different locations in case of density of covering, species frequency, Margalef and Jacardo indices. In conclusion these tools are very beneficial in weed management and studying the species diversity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raja A. Al-Sharif, Mahfouz A. Abdelrazeq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanical Properties and Degradation Mechanisms in Concrete Containing Metakaolin: A Critical Review
The increasing demand for concrete has intensified research efforts aimed at improving its various properties, such as strength, durability, service life, and sustainability requirements. This review addresses the role of using metakaolin (MK) as a partial replacement for cement in enhancing the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. This approach aims to reduce reliance on cement, which is one of the most costly and environmentally impactful components of concrete, while also promoting sustainability in the construction sector. Results from previous studies indicate that the incorporation of metakaolin (MK) in concrete mixtures leads to a noticeable improvement in concrete strength, with reported increases ranging from 10% to 20% compared to reference concrete. Concrete containing metakaolin has shown improved durability properties, including increased resistance to sulfate attack and reduced penetration of chloride ions and other harmful substances. On the other hand, studies have shown that the use of MK leads to higher water absorption and increased viscosity, which may result in a reduction in workability of up to 20%. This review concludes that metakaolin MK represents an effective option, particularly in regions where it is abundantly available, due to its significant role in enhancing durability and improving the mechanical properties of concrete.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Ahmed Faraj, Arhaiem Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epidemiological and Diagnostic study of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Humans Using Microscopic and Serological Methods in Shahat City
Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, represents a significant public health concern due to its wide distribution and zoonotic potential between cats and humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of T. gondii in cat feces and human blood within the same study area (Shahat City). Cat fecal samples examined using Sheather's Sugar Flotation Technique, and human blood samples analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The overall prevalence of T. gondii infection in Shahat City was 65%. The infection rate among female cats (84.6%) was significantly higher than that of male cats (15.3%). Regarding lifestyle, free-roaming cats showed the highest prevalence (41.0%), followed by semi-confined cats (38.4%), and while indoor confined cats had the lowest rate (20.5%). By age, cats older than two years up to more than four years exhibited the highest infection rate (46.1%), whereas the lowest rate was in the 12–24 month age group (20.5%). Seasonally, prevalence was highest in summer (80.0%), followed by spring (69.3%), autumn (54.6%), and lowest in winter (23.0%). Furthermore, serological analysis of human blood samples demonstrated that 32.2% of individuals were positive for IgM, while 78.9% were positive for IgG. These findings highlight the urgent need for strategies to minimize and control the prevalence of toxoplasmosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal S. Hamd, Juma Ahmed Mohamed Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Reality Extra Analgesic on Liver and Kidney Function in Male Rats
In this study, we assessed how Reality Extra (RE), a popular analgesic composed of caffeine, diclofenac sodium, and paracetamol, affected in albino rats. Two groups of rats were formed; one group received Reality Extra for 12 days, while the other group was given saline as a control group. To evaluate the effects of the medication, a number of biological and enzymatic indicators were examined, such as blood urea levels, plasma bilirubin and creatinine levels, body weight gain, liver weight, and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activities. Rats treated with Reality Extra had significantly higher levels of AST, ALT, and creatinine as well as significantly lower urea levels as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the rats given Reality Extra showed a non-significant drop in bilirubin levels. These results suggest that RE may negatively impact kidney and liver function, highlighting the need for more comprehensive research in diverse clinical contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Osama M. EL-barasi, Yousef M. AL-kelany (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The reliable way of exploring rings with involution, briefly *-rings, is to think about them within the category of *-rings with morphisms preserving involution. The main objective of this study is to address a new concept of generalized <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*-</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> McCoy <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*-</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> rings and establish some of its basic properties and characterizations. Some examples and theorems are presented to explain this concept.
Copyright (c) 2024 Basmaa M. ELgamudi, Fatma A. Hamad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Exact Solution of Time Fractional Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson System by Residual Power Series Method
In this investigation, a residual power series technique for the exact solution of system of time-fractional Drinfeld-Sokolov-Wilson is introduced. The main objective of this study is to solve the system of time-Fractional Drinfeld-Sokolov-Wilson by using residual power series method. The proposed technique obtains Taylor expansion of the solution of a system and reproduces the exact solution when the solution is polynomial. An example is given to apply the exact solution and demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and applicability of the presented technique. A residual power series (RPS) method as an alternative technique to obtain exact solution. The results reveal that the technique is very effective, straightforward, and simple
Copyright (c) 2024 Albatol Alfartas, Asma Agsaisib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cost Management of the Electronic Archive Platform Project at University of Derna
Technological advancements require organizations to adopt digital solutions. Hence, there is a need for an integrated system known as electronic archiving. It provides a strategy for managing the large number of documents that organizations possess. The functions of this system include archiving, indexing, summarizing, searching and retrieval, which saves time and effort and ensures data integrity. This paper aims to accurately evaluate the cost of a project to build an electronic archive for University of Derna, Libya. It discusses the project specifications and examines the cost management of implementing this archive through an earned value analysis. The most important risks and challenges that can be faced, their impact, and the solutions that must be provided were also reviewed. The results of the cost management analysis using earned value analysis showed that the project was running on budget, as indicated by the Cost Performance Index (CPI). However, the Planned Performance Indicator (SPI) revealed that the project was behind schedule. Additionally, the impact matrix identified key risks such as cyberattacks, data loss, project delivery delays, errors in document scanning, and user interaction issues. Recommendations were provided to mitigate these risks and ensure the successful implementation of the electronic archive platform at University of Derna.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rasha Alfkhakhri, Sultan Alqaddafi , Nawal Eldrogi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Co and Fe on Densification and Microstructure of W- 25wt%Cu Composites Prepared by Direct Liquid Infiltration
During this study, full-density W-25wt.% Cu composites were prepared by conventional method (liquid phase sintering and liquid infiltration). Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of Co and Fe additives in the range 0.3 to 3 wt.% on the densification of W- 25Cu composites. The sintering temperatures were performed at 1050oC and 1250oC for 2h under vacuum. The experimental results showed that, near full density has been achieved at 1250oC and the values of sintering density were between 97%-99% of theoretical density. In addition, the densification was depended on the concentration of transition elements and sintering temperature. The Microstructures and density were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water displacement method, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hafed Ibrahim, Solman. M. Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Surface Morphology and Anticorrosion Properties of Zinc Phosphate Coating Deposited with Various Concentrations of Zinc Oxide
In this investigation, the influence of zinc oxide concentration on the microstructural evolution and corrosion resistance of zinc phosphate coating formed on mild steel was studied. Phosphate layers were deposited from phosphating bath containing different concentrations of zinc oxide (1.25 ~ 10 g/L). The surface morphology and composition of phosphate coatings were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Corrosion behavior of the formed coatings was evaluated using immersion test in a 3.5% NaCl solution and salt spray test in 5% NaCl. The results showed that the increase in zinc oxide content facilitated the precipitation of phosphate coating and increased its surface coverage. Immersion test results revealed that the corrosion resistance of the phosphate coatings was markedly improved as the zinc oxide concentration increased. However, the salt spray test results showed that the underfilm corrosion of phosphated-painted steel was increased as the zinc oxide content increased to high levels. The best underfilm corrosion performance was observed for the coatings obtained with phosphating bath containing 2.5 and 3.5 g/L of zinc oxide. This behavior indicates that low zinc phosphate coating serves as a good pretreatment process for subsequent organic painting finishes.
Copyright (c) 2024 A. A. Alfasi , Walid S. Muhammad , K. Abdalla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0